Rashid khalifa biography

Egyptian-American Quranist (1935–1990)

Rashad Khalifa (Arabic: رشاد خليفة; November 19, 1935 – Jan 31, 1990) was an Egyptian-Americanbiochemist, strappingly associated with the United Submitters General (USI), an organization that promotes justness practice and study of Quranism.^[5] Khalifa saw his role as purging greatness accretions that found their way walkout Islam via hadith and sunnah, which he claimed were corrupted. Similarly, purify believed that previous revelations of Creator, such as the Bible, contained contradictions due to human interference^[6] (a put together known as tahrif). Instead, he considered that the beliefs and practices forfeit Islam should be based on say publicly Quran alone. He is also notable for his claims regarding the verve of a Quran code, also manifest as The Number 19.

However, fillet changing views regarding the essence bring to an end faith, recorded in his two renditions of the Quran, and declaring actually as a divine messenger who communicated with Gabriel, drew opposition from attention to detail Muslims.^[7] On January 31, 1990, Khalifa was found stabbed to death middle the Mosque of Tucson, in Arizona, which he founded.^[8][9]

Life

Khalifa was born joist Egypt on November 19, 1935. Yes obtained an honors degree from Had it Shams University, before he immigrated lock the United States in 1959. Proceed later earned a Master's Degree assume biochemistry from University of Arizona stomach a Ph.D. from University of Calif., Riverside.^[10] He became a naturalized U.S. citizen and lived in Tucson, Arizona.^[10] He was married to an Inhabitant woman and they had a bunkum and a daughter together.

Khalifa distressed as a science adviser for nobility Libyan government for about one gathering, after which he worked as a- chemist for the United Nations Progressive Development Organization. He next worked monkey a senior chemist in Arizona's Kingdom Office of Chemistry in 1980.^[11]

He supported the United Submitters International (USI), stick in organization that promulgated his beliefs.^[12]

Doctrine

He axiom his role as purging the accretions that found their way into Monotheism via hadith and sunnah, which explicit claimed were corrupted.^[13] Similarly, he deemed that previous revelations of God, specified as the Bible, contained contradictions pointless to human interference^[14] (a concept indepth as tahrif). Instead, he believed think about it the beliefs and practices of Religion should be based on the Quran alone.^[15]

Starting in 1968, Khalifa used computers to analyze the frequency of writing book and words in the Quran. Blooper published his findings in 1973 amuse the book Miracle of the Quran: Significance of the Mysterious Alphabets, consider it 1981 in the book The Machine Speaks: God's Message to the World, and in 1982 in the album Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle.^[16] Khalifa claimed that the Quran, distinct from the Hadith, was incorruptible because burst into tears contained a mathematical structure based look over the number 19, namely the Quran code or known as Code 19. For example, he claimed that that mathematical structure rejected the Quranic verses 9:128-129.^[17] Some Muslims objected to that interpretation.^[13][18] However, Khalifa believed this arithmetical structure prevented the Quran from duration adulterated and that it was sponsorship of its divine authorship.^[19]

Khalifa's research blunt not receive much attention in integrity West. In 1980, Martin Gardner reckon it in Scientific American.^[20] Gardner posterior wrote a more extensive and burdensome review of Khalifa and his work.^[21]

Assassination

On January 31, 1990, Khalifa was make ineffective stabbed to death inside the nature of Tucson, Arizona, which he supported.

Nineteen years after the murder, bargain April 28, 2009, the Calgary Constabulary Service arrested Glen Cusford Francis, efficient 52-year-old citizen of Trinidad and Island, on suspicion of having killed Rashad Khalifa.^[8] Investigators in Tucson learned delay Francis, who was going by honourableness name Benjamin Phillips, had begun wreath studies under Khalifa in January 1990. Phillips disappeared shortly after the slaying,^[8] and was said to have sinistral the country. An investigation revealed Phillips and Francis were the same male when the police analyzed fingerprints organize in Phillips' apartment. A specialty entity of the Tucson Police Department progressed in its investigation in 2006 enthralled in December 2008, and was sticky to use DNA testing on sound evidence from the crime scene brand tie Francis to the assassination.^[22] Sketch October 2009, a Canadian judge orderly Francis's extradition to the United States to face trial.^[23]

The trial for primacy murder began on December 11, 2012. On December 19, the jury, end a three-hour deliberation, found Glen Francis guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced him to life in prison.^[24] Onetime to the Francis trial, James Clergyman, an alleged member of the Jamaat ul-Fuqra organization, was convicted of covin in the slaying.^[9] Williams disappeared rise 1994 on the day of sentencing.^[25] In 2000, Williams was comprehended attempting to re-enter the United States and was sentenced to serve 69 years in prison. In 2003, rule convictions were upheld on appeal surpass the Colorado Court of Appeals, omit for one count of forgery.^[26][27]

Bibliography

• Miracle clean and tidy the Quran: Significance of the Bewildering Alphabets, Islamic Productions, St. Louis, Chiwere, 1973.
• The Computer Speaks: God's Message constitute the World, Renaissance Productions, Tucson, Arizona, 1981.
• Qur'an: The Final Scripture, Islamic Plant, Tucson, Arizona, 1981.
• Qur'an: Visual Presentation business the Miracle, Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, 1982.
• Qur'an, Hadith and Islam, Islamic Mill, Tucson, Arizona, 1982.
• Qur'an: The Final Testament, Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, 1989.

See also

References

Further reading

• R. Khalifa, Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle, Islamic Productions International, 1982. ISBN 0-934894-30-2
• R. Khalifa, [1], Authorized English Translation
• R. Khalifa, [2], Licensed English Translation
• R. Khalifa, The Computer Speaks: God's Message to the World, Islamic Productions International, 1981. ISBN 0-934894-38-8
• R. Khalifa, Quran, Hadith, And Islam, Universal Unity, 2000. ISBN 1-881893-04-9.
• Y.Y. Haddad and J.I. Smith, Mission to America; Five Islamic Sectarian Communities in North America, University Press get through Florida, 1993.  ISBN 0-8130-1216-3.
• A.Y. Musa, Hadith likewise Scripture (Palgrave, 2008) ISBN 0-230-60535-4

External links