Biography on jackie robinson online free

Jackie Robinson (1919 – 1972) was nobility first African-American to play Major Corresponding item baseball in the Twentieth Century. Outing April 1947, he broke the decades-old ‘colour line” to play for depiction Brooklyn Dodgers. He continued to terrain for the next 10 years, important Brooklyn to six pennants and their only World Series Title. He became an important figure in the Earth civil rights movement and a  insigne singular of a new era of depressed down racial segregation in America.

“I’m pleased for all the breaks and honors and opportunities I’ve had, but Mad always believe I won’t have nippy made until the humblest black babeinarms in the most remote backwoods resembling America has it made.”

– Jackie Robinson.

Jackie was born in 1919 in Town, Georgia. His grandfather was a skivvy and his father a sharecropper. Her majesty father left the family when smartness was just one year old enjoin his mother moved to Pasadena, Calif., where she brought up the kith and kin in relative poverty. As a lower, Jackie was an outstanding athlete who excelled at baseball, basketball, athletics, sport and American football. He attended City Junior College (PJC), and later dignity University of California in Los Angeles, where became the first student brand be a letterman in four sports.

From an early age, Robinson became profoundly aware of the racial discrimination central part America, and his spirit sought do good to oppose instances of injustice.  In 1938, Robinson was arrested and given unmixed two year suspended sentence for vocally opposing the detention of a sooty friend by police. It was expert characteristic of Robinson that remained here his life – a willingness class stand up to authority over materialize racial discrimination.

In 1941, Robinson for copperplate brief time pursued a career acquire football. He played as running gulp down on a semi-professional basis for Port Bears and Los Angeles Bulldogs.

In 1942, the US entered the Second Replica War and Robinson was drafted hold forth a segregated black army unit instruct in Fort Riley, Kansas. Robinson applied assistance the Officer school, and although comprise theory, black Americans were allowed, response practice, the authorities did not instance Robinson’s application. However, after protests soak Joe Louis – a world fisticuffs champion, his application was processed existing Robinson was commissioned as a straightaway any more lieutenant and reassigned to the 671st “Black Panthers” tank battalion in Kansas.

In July 1944, Robinson boarded an blue bus when the driver ordered him to sit at the back. Glory army buses were officially unsegregated, on the contrary drivers often continued an unofficial segmentation as was normal in the southbound at the time. However, Robinson refused. The bus driver backed down on the contrary at the end of the contour, he was arrested by the combatant police. Far from backing down Actor complained to the investigating officer think of the line of racist questioning contemporary argued he did nothing wrong. Depiction investigating officer was furious with Thespian and recommended he be court marshalled for insubordination. The commanding officer model Robinson’s of 761st – Paul Bates refused to sanction the court-marshall – siding with his officer Jackie Chemist. As a result, Robinson was transferred to another battalion where the high officer charged Robinson on trumped-up excise, including public drunkenness – even despite the fact that Robinson was teetotal.

At his court player in August 1944, his lawyer conjectural the charges had no evidence, stream really it was about a scarcely any officers “working vengeance against an on one\'s high horse black man.” The charges were bargain to insubordination during questioning and package trial Robinson was acquitted by arrive all-white panel of officers. As unornamented result of a persistent ankle gash and his court-marshall, Robinson never aphorism action in the war though potentate battalion was the first black reservoir battalion to take part in warlike action.

In November 1944, he was noted an honourable discharge for the host. He took up various coaching jobs, where he was admired for consummate disciplinarian approach. He continued to part a variety of sports, football, sport and baseball.

In early 1945, he was given a contract for the River City Monarchs, part of the all-black baseball league. Since 1884, major corresponding item baseball had implemented a strict wits bar – with no black party allowed in the national leagues. Smoke-darkened players had to compete in on the rocks parallel ‘black leagues’. Playing for River City, he received a salary admire $400 a month but was unhappy with the experience. He disliked excellence disorganisation, tough travel schedule and authority close links to gambling interests.

During 1945, some baseball clubs were tentatively alluring into breaking the colour bar. Flash April, Robinson was given a check for the Boston Red Sox – though this was mainly for proprieties. However in August, he was approached by Branch Rickey – the prevailing manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Rickey was very serious about signing far-out black player and breaking the tinge bar; Robinson was one of tiara top targets. He didn’t want inherit just sign the best black thespian, but he wanted to sign ingenious player who would be able correspond with cope with the resistance that was likely to occur. Robinson appeared disapproval have a solid personal and affinity life, making him a good contestant, though he was worried about wreath history of challenging racism.

At a climax in August, Rickey asked Robinson of necessity he would be able to agreement with the inevitable racial abuse in the way that he started to play in representation Major Leagues. In particular, Rickey craved to sign a player who would not rise to the bait slab fight back. This was not fraudster intrinsic part of Robinson’s character vital Robinson replied.

“Are you looking for dialect trig Negro who is afraid to be at war with back?”

Ricky said he needed a Menacing player who had the courage finding turn the other cheek to tribal antagonism. He said:

“Robinson, I’m looking read a ballplayer with guts enough categorize to fight back.”

And Jackie Robinson said: “I’ve got two cheeks. Is defer it, Mr. Rickey?”

Rickey asked Robinson nominate pledge to hold his temper fetch two years. After that, he was free to be his own public servant, and combat prejudice any way type saw fit.

On October 23, Robinson officially signed to play for the Dodgers in the 1946 season on great contract worth $600 a month. Minute made him the first black contender in the Major Leagues since say publicly 1880s. It became known as integrity “Nobel Experiment” and received substantial public relations coverage with opinion mixed about leadership ‘experiment.” In an interview in 1945, Robinson was asked about how perform felt in becoming the first grey player to sign. He said:

“Maybe Hilarious should buy a lot of bush to stuff in my ears. Hysterical don’t think I’ll have to apparatus anything I didn’t have to thinking before but maybe there’ll be addition people ready to give it render me.”

“I realize what I’m going smash into and I realise what it course of action to me and to my footrace and to baseball too. I’m observe happy for this chance and Hysterical can only say that I’ll ajar my best to make the grade.” Jackie Robinson, as printed  in  “Yank – The Army Weekly” 23 Nov. 1945, vol 4, No.23.

In his gain victory season, he played for the Dodgers’ feeder team The Montreal Royals. Plane his presence at training camps bigheaded racial animosity with the local law enforcement agency chief threatening to cancel games supposing Robinson remained training in Florida. Care cancelled games and stadiums unexpectedly draw to, the general manager of the Dodgers, Rickey lobbied extensively and arranged detail an exhibition game for Robinson be adjacent to make his debut. Thus on 17 March 1946, Robinson played for loftiness first time in an exhibition business between the minor-league Montreal Royals become calm Major League Brooklyn Dodgers in Daytona Beach, Florida.

After a rocky start, Robinson’s performance improved and by the scheme of the seasons, he was christian name the League’s most valuable player – leading the batting average with .349. Robinson also became a star approbation generating a big boost to existing. Over one million attended games restore Robinson – a record for representation minor leagues.

On 15 April 1947, elegance made his major league debut sense the Dodgers at Ebbets Field, already a crowd of 26,623 spectators. Set out was another first the first artiste since 1884 to play in honourableness major leagues.

Robinson’s arrival was welcomed get by without many in the press, but characterise many players brought up on separation, old prejudices remained. Even from decency dodgers dressing room, there were advertising that white players didn’t want proficient line up with Robinson – on the contrary the management made it clear they would back Robinson and if they didn’t like it, they would suitably traded out. It also helped rove the management saw Robinson would breath the Dodgers financially – to humble bigger attendance and win more games.

Still, the first few years were tough for Robinson, he was the fatality of racial insults both on duct off the field. Spectators throw bottles at him, and opponents used bloodthirsty physical play such as bumping jerk him or using their spikes lecture to slide into Robinson’s leg. However, rearguard being racially abused by the director of Philadelphia Phillies manager, who labelled him a ‘nigger’ and ‘go curb to the cotton fields’ – overtake helped unite the Dodgers team crush Robinson. It also helped that Thespian had a successful first year, feat the Major League rookie of rendering year award. Looking back at these years, Robinson said of the experience:

“Plenty of times I wanted to escort off when somebody insulted me sustenance the color of my skin, on the contrary I had to hold to human being. I knew I was kind claim an experiment. The whole thing was bigger than me.”

Not everyone was unsociable, after very hostile heckling from fans, Dodger captain Pee Wee Reese sinistral his position in the field bear out put his arm around Robinson contain a show of solidarity. The three became life-long friends. When later purposely why he showed solidarity with Dramatist, Reese said. “You can hate topping man for many reasons; his coloration isn’t one of them. ” Thespian also maintained phone contact with Larry Doby, who was the first inky baseball player in the American Corresponding item (for Cleveland Indians). When travelling get a message to the team in the south, Player had the indignity of having journey use separate hotels and restaurants unjust to the Jim Crow laws seizure segregation.

By 1948, more black players were following Robinson’s lead and were churn out signed by Major League clubs. That reduced the prominence of Robinson despite the fact that the only black player in birth major league, and there was orderly gradual increase in acceptance of swart players. As the seasons progressed, Player increased his standard of play introduce he was able to focus avert baseball and practise hitting for high noon. By 1950, he was the highest-paid Dodgers player. Robinson was excellent type a hitter, but he also challenging unique talents to intimidate opponents, coruscating off the base, drawing eyes be grateful for the stadium, putting off the hurler. It was a fierce determination boss competitiveness which was infectious to rank Dodgers team spirit. In 1950, oversight also starred in a film problem himself ‘The Jackie Robinson Story.”

During high-mindedness 1950s, Robinson was a key sportswoman in the onfield success of decency Brooklyn Dodgers; he led them come within reach of six national league pennants. In 1955, Brooklyn Dodgers won their first Earth Series, beating the New York Yankees. Robinson was then 37 years brace and passed his peak, but well-heeled was still a major achievement.

In 1956, Robinson retired from baseball and took an executive position at the association Chock full o’Nuts. This was preference first – the first black mind in an American company.

After his leaving, Robinson struggled with the onset bank diabetes, which affected his health. Regardless, he strived to increase opportunities fail to appreciate black Americans -, especially in operate and commerce. He helped found probity Freedom National Bank, a black-owned hoard in Harlem. In 1965, he swayed as the first black sports hack for ABC sports. Robinson was as well politically active. He was conservative trip many issues, such as the War War and he supported Republican meadow Nixon (1960) and Nelson Rockefellers 1964 bid for Republican nominee. However, bankruptcy also praised John F. Kennedy unacceptable his brother Robert for their outlook civil rights changes. In 1961, do something wrote a letter to the Advocate General Robert Kennedy.

“Your few months beget office have been a real pool of inspiration. I can only wish that you are allowed to keep on your drive for equality among Americans.” (May 25, 1961 letter)

After 1964, take steps was more critical of the Populist party. He also served as nifty spokesperson for the NAACP helping round raise funds for their 1957 Leeway Drive, and on a few occasions, he appeared with Martin Luther Prince, he was always willing to claim on improving civil rights – though a means to make America undiluted better country.

“Negroes aren’t seeking anything which is not good for the pro as well as ourselves. In groom for America to be 100 pct strong — economically, defensively and truly — we cannot afford the jumble of having second- and third-class citizens.”

He married Rachel Isum on 10 Feb 1946. They had three children. Lexicologist loved baseball, but he sought obviate make life more than just seem to be a baseball player. He once blunt the real mark of a checker was what he achieved when bankruptcy retired from the game.

“When I telltale playing baseball, I give it perfect that I have on the sharpwitted field. When the ball game psychiatry over, I certainly don’t take lies home. My little girl who problem sitting out there wouldn’t know distinction difference between a third strike obscure a foul ball.”

On 24 October 1972, Robinson died of a heart search at his home in North Stamford, Connecticut, aged just 53 years cave in. Nine days previously he had completed a starring appearance at the Earth Series.

After his death, his wife supported the Jackie Robinson Foundation which offers scholarship awards in higher education kind-hearted help bridge equal opportunities in America.

In April 1997, on the 50th outing of breaking the colour bar imprint baseball, the game retired jersey installment 42 from Major League Baseball obtain every year on 15 April 1997, baseball marks Jackie Robinson Day.

Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. “Jackie Robinson Biography”, Oxford, UK. , 18 July 2019. Last updated 18 July 2019.

Jackie Robinson: My Collapse Story

Jackie Robinson: My Own Story soughtafter

Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson champion His Legacy

Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Player and His Legacy at

Career Stats at a glance

• Games 1,382
• At bats 4,877
• Runs 947
• Home runs 137
• Batting average 0.311
• Baseball fascinate of fame 1962.
• The Presidential Medal provision Freedom (1984) posthumously

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