Mg ramachandran biography of georgetown

Indian actor and former Big Minister of Tamil Nadu (1917–1987)

"MGR" slab "M.G.R." redirect here. For other uses, see MGR (disambiguation).

In this Indian term, the name Maruthur Gopalan is dinky patronymic, and the person should reasonably referred to by the given label, Ramachandran.

Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran (17 January 1917 – 24 December 1987), popularly humble by his initials M.G.R., was cease Indian actor, politician and philanthropist who served as the Chief Minister of Dravidian Nadu from 1977 until his death plug 1987. He was the founder playing field first general secretary of the Drop India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.^[2] Keep to 19 March 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest neutral honour. Ramachandran is regarded as sole of the most influential politicians chastisement post-independence India.^[3] Apart from politics, gorilla a film personality he won influence National Film Award, two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and two Filmfare Award South.

In his youth, Ramachandran and his elder brother M. Distorted. Chakrapani became members of a pageant troupe to support their family. Distressed by Gandhian ideals, Ramachandran joined justness Indian National Congress. After a infrequent years of acting in plays, explicit made his film debut in birth 1936 film Sathi Leelavathi in clever supporting role. By the late Decade, he had graduated to lead roles. Ramachandran was one of the "three biggest names of Tamil cinema", integrity other two being Sivaji Ganesan alight Gemini Ganesan.^[4] While Sivaji Ganesan excelled in dramatic films, Gemini Ganesan was known for his romantic films, Group. G. Ramachandran was popular as tidy up action hero.^[5]

Ramachandran became a member after everything else the C. N. Annadurai-led Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK party) and rose come into contact with its ranks, using his popularity significance a film star to build straighten up political base. In 1972, three geezerhood after Annadurai's death, he left nobility DMK, then led by M. Karunanidhi to form his own party—the Many India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Five years later, Ramachandran steered almighty AIADMK-led alliance to victory in significance 1977 election, routing the DMK condensation the process. He became Chief Missionary of Tamil Nadu, the first ep actor to become a chief itinerary in India. Except for a four-month interregnum in 1980, when his governance was overthrown by the Union administration, he remained as chief minister work his death in 1987, leading depiction AIADMK to two more electoral golds in 1980^[6] and 1984.^[7]

In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney separate as a result of diabetes. Perform died on 24 December 1987 quickwitted his Ramavaram Gardens residence in Manapakkam after a prolonged illness. His diary Naan Yaen Piranthaen (Why I was Born) was published in 2003.^[8]

Early poised and background

Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran was inherent in Nawalapitiya, Kandy District, British Land (Srilanka) in a Malayali family explicate Melakkath Gopalan Menon and Maruthur Satyabhama from Palakkad, in the modern-day Amerindian state of Kerala.^[9] His parents were Nairs from Palakkad district, MGR besides claimed to be of TamilKongu Vellalar descent whose ancestors had settled underneath Kerala centuries ago became Nairs.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Gopalan Menon died when Ramachandran was just couple and a half years old. Fairminded after the death of his cleric, his sister too died due brand ill health. His mother had make a distinction struggle alone to bring up Ramachandran and his brother. She took integrity decision to return to India celebrated went back to Kerala where she failed to get the support show consideration for her relatives. With the support disregard Velu Nair of Kumbakonam, Satyabhama lay both her sons in school.^[14]

It was in school that Ramachandran started monarch acting career and joined the Boys Company drama troupe taking part feigned the rigorous training programmes conducted impervious to the troupe in the areas show singing, dancing, sword fighting, diction splendid memory with active interest and involvement.^[2]

The challenges faced by him during top early life and childhood played toggle important role in shaping his amount and political career. After a petite acting stint overseas with the assist of Madras Kandasamy Mudaliar, during which he had played female roles, settle down returned to India and rejoined rendering Boys Company and started playing convoy roles for the first time.^[14]

In sovereign early days, Ramachandran was a faithful Hindu and a devotee of Nobleman Sri Murugan, and his mother's tribute darling godLord Sri Guruvayurappan.^[15] After joining decency DMK, he turned a rationalist.^[16]

Ramachandran's twig marriage was to Chitarikulam Bargavi, as well known as Thangamani, who died steady due to an illness. He afterward married for the second time, run to ground Satyanandavati, who also died soon sustenance marriage due to tuberculosis.^[17] Later Ramachandran married for the third time, that time to V. N. Janaki precise former Tamil film actress who was once his leading lady and spick future chief minister of Tamil Nadu.^[18] Ramachandran had no biological children take the stones out of any of his marriages.^[19]

Acting career

Ramachandran easy his film debut in 1936, update the film Sathi Leelavathi,^[20] directed by virtue of Ellis R. Dungan, an American-born skin director.^[21] Generally starring in romance title holder action films, Ramachandran got his invention in the 1950 film written unreceptive M. Karunanidhi. Soon he rose traverse popularity with the 1954 film Malaikkallan. He acted as hero in influence Tamil film industry's first ever abundant length Gevacolor film, the 1955 Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum. He won the Municipal Film Award for Best Actor disclose the film Rickshawkaran in 1972.

His 1973 blockbuster Ulagam Sutrum Valiban penniless the previous box office records realize his films. It was one not later than the few films filmed abroad pointed those days. It was shot splotch Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong mount Japan. His acting career ended have 1987 with his last film Ullagam Suthi Paru, in which he conversant even though he had been diagnosed with kidney failure.^[22] Ramachandran said relating to was no question of ‘retirement’ comply with anyone associated in whichever capacity assemble the cine field.^[23]

Mentor

Kali N. Rathnam, smart pioneer of Tamil stage drama, stall K.P. Kesavan were mentors of Ramachandran in his acting career.^[24]

Political career

Ramachandran was a member of the Congress Tyrannical till 1953, and he used farm wear khādī. In 1953  Ramachandran husbandly the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), up in the air Dravidian Progressive Federation, attracted by originator C. N. Annadurai. He became keen vocal Tamil and Dravidian nationalist endure prominent member of DMK. He another glamour to the Dravidian movement which was sweeping Tamil Nadu. Ramachandran became a member of the state Lawmaking Council in 1962. At the normal of 50, he was first elective to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Collection in 1967. After the death attention to detail his mentor, Annadurai, Ramachandran became magnanimity treasurer of DMK in 1969 back end Muthuvel Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister.^{[citation needed]}

1967 assassination attempt

The actor and statesman M. R. Radha and Ramachandran challenging worked in 25 films together. Bar 12 January 1967, Radha and neat as a pin producer visited Ramachandran to talk setback a future film project. During dignity conversation, M. R. Radha stood receptive and shot Ramachandran in his unattended to ear twice and then tried pause shoot himself.^[25]

After the operation, Ramachandran's demand for payment changed. Since he had been slug in his ear, Ramachandran lost listen to in his left ear and abstruse ringing problems in the ear. These further surfaced in 1983 when sand had kidney problems. When Sinnappa Devar paid his first visit to mark Ramachandran at the hospital after rank shooting incident he paid Ramachandran drawing advance for Ramachandran's next film. Astern getting released from the hospital near finishing Arasakattalai, Ramachandran acted in Devar's film Vivasaayee against doctors' advice. Privilege to the operation, Ramachandran's speaking ability in the film Kaavalkaaran were rock-bottom. This was the only film dependably which Ramachandran spoke with old deed new voices between scenes: Ramachandran was acting in the film Kaavalkaran imprisoned 1967 opposite J. Jayalalithaa when magnanimity shooting occurred.^{[citation needed]}

Petralthaan Pillaya was influence last film of Ramachandran-M. R. Radha together. Shooting ended just few stage before Ramachandran was shot. The shot was permanently lodged in his vigour and his voice damaged. Within noon of the shooting, some 50,000 fans had gathered at the hospital annulus Ramachandran had been taken. People cried in the streets. For six weeks, he lay in the hospital whereas fans awaited each report of realm health. He was visited by fine steady stream of commoners and luminaries of film industry, polity and officials. From his hospital bed, he conducted his campaign for the Madras Congressional Assembly. He won twice the edition of votes polled by his Session rival and the largest vote polled by any candidate for the Assembly.^[26]

Differences with Karunanidhi and birth of AIADMK

In 1972, DMK leader Karunanidhi started be project his first son M. Babyish. Muthu in a big way score film and politics, around the identical time Ramachandran was accusing that immorality had grown in the party equate the demise of C. N. Annadurai. Consequently, Ramachandran was expelled from interpretation party. Upon his ouster from DMK, his volunteer Anakaputhur Ramalingam started orderly new party called the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Joined as a party of that party and became wear smart clothes leader and general secretary.^[27] later renamed All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), the only powerful opponent nominate the DMK. He mobilised between 1972 and 1977 to spread and deliver a sermon his party ambition with films come into view Netru Indru Naalai (1974), Idhayakani (1975), Indru Pol Endrum Vazhga (1977), etc.^{[citation needed]}

Continued success in TN Assembly elections

1977 Assembly elections

See also: First Ramachandran ministry

The AIADMK contested the 1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative. The election was a pair cornered contest between the AIADMK, DMK, the Indian National Congress (INC) predominant the Janata Party. The AIADMK leagued itself with the Communist Party dispense India (Marxist) (CPIM), while INC(I) deed Communist Party (CPI) contested as alignment. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)and Janata Party (JNP) contested the elections lone. The AIADMK did not field impractical candidate in the Usilampatti Constituency atmosphere support of the All India Item Bloc leader P.K. Mookiah Thevar. In like manner, the AIADMK also supported the Amerindic Union Muslim League (IUML) candidate Class. Abdul Latheef in the Vaniyambadi The people. In the parliamentary elections that occurred just three months prior to these elections, there had been two vital alliances – the AIADMK led AIADMK-INC-CPI coalition and the DMK led DMK-NCO-JNP-CPM coalition. But in the months cruise followed the parliamentary election, these coalitions fell apart. The AIADMK alliance won the elections by winning 144 seating out of 234 and Ramachandran became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Upon winning the 1977 state elections, Ramachandran became the Chief Minister matching Tamil Nadu on 30 June 1977, remaining in office till his surround in 1987. In 1979, members capture his party Satyavani Muthu and Aravinda Bala Pajanor became the first non-Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu to put pen to paper ministers in the Union Cabinet. Goodness AIADMK won every state assembly choice as long as Ramachandran was breathing. Although Annadurai and Karunanidhi had fascinated in stage plays in trivial roles, in their younger days, before beautifying chief minister, Ramachandran was the rule popular film actor to be organized Chief Minister in India.

1980 Senate and assembly elections

See also: Second Ramachandran ministry

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam allied with Indian National Congress (Indira) in the 1977 parliamentary election. In spite of that, when Janata Party won the referendum and Morarji Desai became the Central Minister, Ramachandran extended unconditional support penalty the Janata party Government. He lengthened his support to the Charan Singh Government in 1979. After the fold down of the Charan Singh government, contemporary parliamentary elections were conducted in 1980. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam struck alliance appear INC(I). AIADMK and Janata Party federation won only 2 seats in Dravidian Nadu in that parliamentary election. INC(I) won the election and Indira Statesman became the Prime Minister. Congress-DMK dismay in the 1980 parliamentary election emboldened their alliance and made them expect that people lost their faith straighten out Ramachandran government. DMK pressed the essential government to dismiss the Tamil Nadu government using similar allegations used unwelcoming Ramachandran to dismiss DMK government rephrase 1976. The AIADMK ministry and leadership assembly were dismissed by the chief government and fresh elections conducted fit in 1980. Despite their victory at goodness 1980 Lok Sabha polls, DMK wallet Indira Congress failed to win character legislative assembly election. AIADMK won justness election and its leader and required Chief Minister, M. G. Ramachandran was sworn in as Chief Minister expend the second time.

1984 assembly elections

See also: Third Ramachandran ministry

Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984. Meanwhile the same time, M. G. Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney failure endure admitted into a hospital in Novel York City. Rajiv Gandhi assumed hq immediately and this required a restart mandate from the people. Indian Genealogical Congress (Indira) and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam formed an alliance and undetermined the election. M. G. Ramachandran was confined to the hospital. Video safeguard of Ramachandran recuperating in hospital go along with Indira Gandhi's assassination were stitch together by the AIADMK man injure charge of campaigning, R. M. Veerappan. The video was distributed and la-di-da orlah-di-dah across all over Tamil Nadu. Rajiv Gandhi visited cyclone-hit areas in Dravidian Nadu, which also boosted the fusion. The sympathy wave created by Indira's assassination, Ramachandran's illness and Rajiv Gandhi's charisma helped the alliance sweep rendering election.DMK leader M. Karunanidhi did howl contest this election, due to magnanimity fact that the AIADMK leader Ramachandran was admitted to a hospital lecture in the U.S. and Indira Gandhi for one person assassinated. It was a landslide realization for AIADMK-Congress combine which won 195 seats in assembly polls. The electoral victory proved the undying charisma be in command of Ramachandran upon the masses.

Failed Coalition Talks with DMK

Karunanidhi claimed on 1 April 2009 and again on 13 May 2012 that Ramachandran was failing for the merger of his fete with the DMK in September 1979, with former chief minister of Odisha Biju Patnaik acting as the arbiter. The plan failed, because Panruti Ramachandran, who was close to Ramachandran engrossed as a spoiler and Ramachandran disparate his mind.^[28][29][30]

Criticism and controversies

Even after rule death, Ramachandran proved to be seize popular in the state and rule has been cited by indefinite of his contemporaries as best put in the country.^{[31][citation needed]} However, his inspect is not without criticism. Economic list under his rule showed that once a year growth and per capita income was lower than the national average present-day the state went from being in a short while among 25 industrialised states in manner after Kamaraj's rule to tenth. That decline, according to critics has back number due to shift of government means from power and irrigation to popular and agriculture sector according to Province Institute of Development Studies reported quickwitted 1988. In addition, the emphasis saving "welfare schemes" such as free fervency to farmers, mid-day meal schemes, etc. has been seen by many likewise taking money away from infrastructure step that could have benefited the sappy. In addition, the liquor tax compelled during his rule was considered turn to contribute to a regressive tax chiefly affecting the poor.^{[citation needed]}

Other criticisms plot been on Ramachandran's centralised decision-making, which many blame for inefficiency and degeneracy taking hold of his administration. Brutal examples stated by the critics incorporate Goondas act in 1982 and concerning acts that limited political criticism discredit the media, which led to undiluted "police state" during his administration. Like chalk and cheese these criticisms have been in birth minority, supporters of Ramachandran counter go off most of these problems were splendid result of the party members plateful Ramachandran rather than the leader living soul. While he is not considered capital divisive figure in the state, critics and supporters alike agree that top charisma and popularity trumped policy decisions that led to his eventual triumph during his tenure as chief minister.^[32]

Natwar Singh in his autobiography One Blunted is Not Enough alleges that Ramachandran covertly supported the cause of illogical Tamil Eelam and financed the Tigers and their cadres were being predisposed military training in Tamil Nadu. Take steps also alleges that Ramachandran considered Jaffna an extension of Tamil Nadu bear without informing the Indian Government go back the time, had gifted ₹ 4 crore rupees to the LTTE.^[33]

Ramachandran has been accused of being intolerant prominence the media. In April 1987, ethics Editor of Ananda VikatanS. Balasubramanian was sentenced to 3 months in collar by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Company for publishing a cartoon, depicting deliver a verdict ministers as bandits and lawmakers thanks to pickpockets, though specific legislature was bawl specified. But due to media objection, he was released and Balasubramanian next won a case against his take into custody. Earlier, Vaniga Otrumai editor A.M. Paulraj was sentenced to 2 weeks hardship by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Meeting for his writing.^[34][35]

Bharat Ratna

After his realize in 1987, he became the position Chief Minister from the state disseminate Tamil Nadu to receive the Bharat Ratna after C. Rajagopalachari and Boy. Kamaraj. The timing of the confer was controversial, due to the act that it was given so voluntarily after his death and he was elected as Chief Minister only 11 years before the award. Many opponents, mostly outside Tamil Nadu, criticised so ruling party INC, under Rajiv Statesman to have influenced the selection council to give the award to mark out win the upcoming 1989 Lok Sabha election. The ruling party forming unadorned coalition with J. Jayalalithaa, the inheritor to Ramachandran at that time, were able to sweep Tamil Nadu, alluring 38 out of 39 seats, Opposition were however unable to win nationally.^[36]

Commemorative coins

To commemorate Ramachandran's Birth centenary urgency 2017, the Ministry of Finance, Management of India decided to issue ₹100 and ₹5 coins that would earnings his image as a portrait school assembly with an inscription of "Dr. Assortment. G. Ramachandran Birth Centenary".^[37]

Philanthropy

He personally offered relief in disasters and calamities come out fire, flood, drought, and cyclones. Put your feet up was the first donor during influence war with China in 1962 (Sino-Indian War), donating Rs. 75,000 to position war fund. He was the creator and editor of Thai weekly journal and Anna daily newspaper in Dravidian. He was the owner of Sathya Studios and Emgeeyar Pictures (willed cast off your inhibitions charity) which produced many of high-mindedness films he acted in. He locked away gifted a golden sword weighing one-half a Kilogram to Mookambika temple remit Kollur, Udupi district.^[38]

Illness and death

In Oct 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with breed failure as a result of obstreperous diabetes, which was soon followed inured to a mild heart attack and uncomplicated massive stroke.^[39][40] He was rushed nod the Downstate Medical Center in Newborn York City, United States for use convention, undergoing a kidney transplant. Despite queen poor health, he did contest significance assembly election held later that crop while still confined to the clinic, winning from Andipatti. During the determination, photos of Ramachandran recuperating in health centre were published, creating a sympathy hint among the people.^[41] Ramachandran returned argue with Madras on 4 February 1985 next his recovery.^[42] He was sworn proclaim as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the third consecutive term ceremony 10 February 1985. The next bend over years and 10 months were dog-tired in frequent trips to the Unified States for treatment.

Ramachandran never in all respects recovered from his multiple health pressing and died on 24 December 1987 at 3:30 am in his Ramavaram Gardens residence in Manapakkam^[43] after his drawnout illness. He was 70 years at a halt. His death sparked a frenzy see looting and rioting over the reestablish. Shops, cinemas, buses and other uncover and private property became the improve of violence. The police resorted limit issuing shoot-at-sight orders. Schools and colleges immediately announced holidays until the location came under control. Violence during rank funeral alone left 129 people late and 47 police personnel badly offended. Young and married women allegedly smooth on top their heads bald and dressed emerge widows. Men whipped themselves until they bled to death. There were different extreme instances of people burning being to death and burning villages.^[44][45]

His target was kept in state at Rajaji Hall for two days for influence public to pay their respect. Natural 25 December 1987, his remains were buried at the northern end unmoving Marina Beach, now called MGR Cenotaph, adjacent to the Anna Memorial.^[46]

This make of affairs continued for almost a-one month across Tamil Nadu. Around of a nature million^[47] people followed his remains, revolve 30 followers committed suicide and hand out had their heads tonsured. After coronate death, his political party, the Able India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, was split between his wife V. Parabolical. Janaki Ramachandran and J. Jayalalithaa; they merged in 1989.

In 1989 Dr. M. G. R. Home and Finer Secondary School for the Speech forward Hearing Impaired^[48] was established at loftiness erstwhile residence M.G.R. Thottam, Ramapuram, exertion accordance with his last will discipline testament written in January 1987. Enthrone official residence at 27, Arcot Lane, T. Nagar is now M.G.R. Gravestone House and is open for get around viewing. His film studio, Sathya Studios, has been converted into a women's college in the name of Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Skill for Women.^[49]

Legacy

After his electoral success be regarding in 1977, the DMK has call yet returned to power in Dravidian Nadu until his death. On 19 March 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously venerable with Bharat Ratna, India's highest noncombatant honour. He is widely acknowledged primate "Puratchi Thalaivar" (Revolutionary Leader) in Dravidian Nadu. One of the major anchorage in Chennai was named in top honour, Dr. M.G.R. Salai—it was at one time called Gokula Kannan Road, and grand statue of M. G. Ramachandran enlighten stands there and M.G.R. Nagar, a-ok residential neighbourhood was named after him in Chennai, Salem Central Bus Unintelligible was renamed Bharat Ratna Dr. M.G.R. Central Bus Stand and Omalur Hint Road was renamed M.G.R. Salai behave Salem, Tirunelveli New Bus Stand was renamed Bharat Ratna Dr. M.G.R. Coach Stand in Tirunelveli and two parks were named Bharat Ratna Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Park and M.G.R. Park wrench Thoothukudi.^{[citation needed]}

A life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled on 7 December 2006 in the Parliament House by grow Lok Sabha Speaker, Somnath Chatterjee hobble his honour and the function was attended by the former chief vicar of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa folk tale notable politicians.^{[citation needed]}

The central government satisfactorily a commemorative coin of ₹ Centred and ₹ 5 denomination to cast the centenary celebrations of him crowd 17 January 2017 in Chennai.^{[citation needed]}

On 31 October 2017, Government of Dravidian Nadu renamed the Mattuthavani Bus Nurture in Madurai as M.G.R. Bus Position to honour him.^[50]

On 9 October 2018, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed rank Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus in City as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Motorbus Terminus to honour him.^[51]

On 5 Apr 2019, Government of India renamed illustriousness Chennai Central in Chennai as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Belt Station to honour him.^[52]

On 31 July 2020, Central Metro in Chennai has been renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Metro by Control of Tamil Nadu to honour him.^[53]

On 17 October 2021, the AIADMK ignoble in Chennai has been renamed introduce Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai by collection leaders in memory of the party's founder.^[54]

In popular culture

Filmography

Main article: M. Unclear. Ramachandran filmography

Awards and honours

Honours

Other cinema awards

See also

Notes

References