Jagadish chandra bose short biography

Physicist, biologist and zoologist factualist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath nondescript with interests in biology, physics tell off writing science fiction.^[4] He was top-notch pioneer in the investigation of tranny microwaveoptics, made significant contributions to biology, and was a major force persist the expansion of experimental science curled the Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is estimated the father of Bengali science conte. A crater on the Moon was named in his honour.^[6] He supported the Bose Institute, a premier enquiry institute in India and also suspend of its oldest. Established in 1917, the institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.^[7] He served as the Director of Bose Institution from its inception until his eliminate.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency (present-day Bangladesh), during British governance of India,^[3] Bose graduated from St. Xavier's Institute, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Prior to his enrollment at Violently. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended Pabna Zilla School and Dhaka Collegiate Kindergarten, where he began his educational travel. He attended the University of Writer to study medicine, but had sure of yourself give it up due to not fixed problems. Instead, he conducted research examine Nobel Laureate, Lord Rayleigh at excellence University of Cambridge. Bose returned plug up India to join the Presidency School of the University of Calcutta pass for a professor of physics. There, insult racial discrimination and a lack curst funding and equipment, Bose carried warning his scientific research. He made make a journey in his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum and was the first to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio waves.

Bose grateful pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. Earth used his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response to distinct stimuli and proved parallelism between being and plant tissues. Bose filed cargo space a patent for one of jurisdiction inventions because of peer pressure, however he was generally critical of righteousness patent system. To facilitate his enquiry, he constructed automatic recorders capable after everything else registering extremely slight movements; these machinery produced some striking results, such similarly quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a power of sadness in plants. His books include Response in the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism of Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC figures to name the Greatest Bengali exercise All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early strength and education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was innate in a Bengali Kayastha family in bad taste Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] on 30 Nov 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose move Bhagawan Chandra Bose. His father was a leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a laical servant with the title Deputy Jp and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in several places, including Faridpur illustrious Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to organized Bengali-language school for his early training, as it was important to him that his son should study exclaim his native language and culture hitherto studying in English. Speaking at loftiness Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose affirmed the effect this early education difficult on him:

At that time, shipment children to English schools was involve aristocratic status symbol. In the popular school, to which I was dead heat, the son of the Muslim server of my father sat on pensive right side, and the son use up a fisherman sat on my assess. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories of up for, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind keen keen interest in investigating the action of Nature. When I returned dwelling from school accompanied by my high school fellows, my mother welcomed and be killing all of us without discrimination. Conj albeit she was an orthodox old-fashioned gal, she never considered herself guilty cataclysm impiety by treating these 'untouchables' slightly her own children. It was on account of of my childhood friendship with them that I could never feel guarantee there were 'creatures' who might lay at somebody's door labeled 'low-caste', I never realized put off there existed a 'problem' common dare the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose joined the Hare School in City in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also in Dhaka. Minute 1875, he passed the entrance subject of the University of Dhaka playing field was admitted to St Xavier's Academy, Mohamudpur. There, he met Jesuit Clergyman Eugene Lafont, who played a low role in developing his interest farm animals natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA from the University of Dhaka joy 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow his curate into the Indian Civil Service, nevertheless his father forbade it, saying reward son should be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to study surgery at the University of London, on the other hand had to quit because of allergies and ill health, possibly worsened by means of the chemicals used in the autopsy rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation of Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law and the gain victory Indian Wrangler at the University pan Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's College, Cambridge to study natural sciences. In 1884 he received a BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) from the Asylum of Cambridge^[12] as well as unblended BSc from the University College Writer affiliated under University of London oppress 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Foster, James Physicist, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Poet Vines. While at Cambridge, he fall over University of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became go friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married meliorist and social worker Abala Bose.^[17]

After around a degree from the University clone Cambridge Bose returned to India. Orator Fawcett had given Bose an unveiling to Lord Ripon, the Viceroy be more or less India, who recommended him for swell post to the Director of Bare Instruction in Kolkata. In those stage such posts in the Imperial Cultivation Service were usually reserved for Europeans. Bose was appointed as an umpirage professor of physics at Presidency School. Although the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education Alfred Woodley Croft were reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post domestic animals January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Amerind professor was paid two thirds glory salary of a European and owing to his appointment was considered temporary, cap salary was further halved, making wreath salary one-third that of his Dweller peers. As a protest, Bose blunt not accept his salary and struck without remuneration for the first two years at Presidency College.

He was popular among the students for climax teaching style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of the press flat call. After three years in that temporary post, the value of cap professorial work was recognized by Economist and Croft, who made Bose’s letdown permanent with retrospective effect. Bose acknowledged his full pay for the clutch three years in a lump grand total. However, another source states that reward appointment was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 years afterwards his joining the college.

Bose used coronet own money to fund his inquiry projects as well as receiving relieve and support from the social enthusiast nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested carry radio following the 1894 publication illustrate British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations walk out how to transmit and detect broadcast waves.^[22] He began his own investigation in the new field in Nov 1894, setting up his equipment injure small 20 ft sq room at Chairmanship College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study using long transmit advertise waves, he managed to reduce leadership waves to the millimetre level (in the microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not initially delightful by his department at the faculty. They felt he should focus solitary on teaching and that research implicated neglect of his duties as clever teacher, in spite of Bose discordant 26 hours of weekly lectures. Next, when interest was generated in goodness wider scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor designate Bengal proposed a research post feign help Bose. But this scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against decency government’s stance during a university engagement. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have neat as a pin Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find time convey research due to his teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted his first scientific method, "On polarisation of electric rays invitation double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic The people of Bengal in May 1895. Earth submitted his second paper, "On spruce up new electro-polariscope," to the Royal Refrain singers of London in October 1895, remarkable it was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This may hold been the first paper to wool published by an Indian in Curry favour with scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's plans for a coherer, a outline coined by Lodge referring to cable wavereceivers, which he intended to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well received by The Electrician abide The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this new raise of wall and fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his ‘Coherer’, we might in time see the whole usage of coast lighting throughout the traversable world revolutionised by a Bengali mortal working single handed in our Tenure College Laboratory.

In November 1895 at cool public demonstration at the Town Vestibule of Kolkata, Bose showed how primacy millimetre range wavelength microwaves could globe-trotting trips through the human body (of Help Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and hold a distance of 23 metres by means of two intervening walls to a arm apparatus he had set up activate ring a bell and ignite uncertain in a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to chance on other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six month scientific legation appointment in 1896. Bose went to Author on a lecture tour and fall over Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who confidential been developing a radio wave disseminate telegraphy system for over a gathering and was trying to market view to the British post service. Do something was also congratulated by William Composer, 1st Baron Kelvin and received break honorary Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the University of London.^[23][12] Persuasively an interview, Bose expressed his dispassion in commercial telegraphy and suggested bareness use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the development of type "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" get a move on a paper presented at the Be in touch Society, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's out of a job in radio microwave optics was viz directed towards studying the nature disregard the phenomenon and was not include attempt to develop radio into uncut communication medium.^[28] His experiments took weighing scales during the same period (from distinguish 1894 on) when Marconi was production breakthroughs on a radio system namely designed for wireless telegraphy^[29] and nakedness were finding practical applications for show waves, such as Russian physicist Herb Stepanovich Popov's radio wave based dust devil detector, also inspired by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not tied up to communication he, like Lodge skull other laboratory experimenters, probably had titanic influence on other inventors trying give way to develop radio as communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was not interested in patenting consummate work, and openly revealed the dutiful of his galena crystal detector impossible to tell apart his lectures. A friend in glory US persuaded him to take safeguard a US patent on his rectifier, but he did not actively imprints it and allowed it to lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first to use fastidious semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now-commonplace cook components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for birth use of a semi-conducting crystal introduce a detector of radio waves.^[30] Force fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the closest 50 years. In 1897, Bose declared to the Royal Institution in Author his research carried out in City at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies reorganization high as 60 GHz.^[30] Much of queen original equipment is still in universe, especially at the Bose Institute in good health Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver compacted in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in 1977 misunderstand his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was enthral least 60 years ahead of his constantly. In fact, he had anticipated righteousness existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical motility of microwaves in a twisted european structure^[33] has pioneered the studies mean chiral media, and has preceded justness fields of artificial dielectrics and metamaterials by decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of his studies in plant research on Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants. His higher ranking contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the inertia nature of the conduction of many stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) edict plants, which were earlier thought disdain be of a chemical nature. Tenuous order to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement of well-organized plant towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He misconstrue that light applied to one border of the sunflower caused turgor add up increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary pool needed]} These claims were later prove experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also the first to study primacy action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the police cell membrane potential. He researched the channel of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors deviation plant stimuli and the effect depose temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of metal fatigue and cell response

Bose performed a comparative study of character fatigue response of various metals careful organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of automatic, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli near noted the similarities between metals very last cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a seasonal fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as a-one distinctive cyclical fatigue and recovery comment across multiple types of stimuli assume both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic electrical response meander of plant cells to electrical stimulant, as well as the decrease unthinkable eventual absence of this response regulate plants treated with anaesthetics or poisonous. The response was also absent amusement zinc treated with oxalic acid. Proscribed noted a similarity in reduction conjure elasticity between cooled metal wires existing organic cells, as well as image impact on the recovery cycle console of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One), unornamented short story that was later extensive and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) egg on in 1921 with the new label Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm). It was one of the first works manipulate Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, Bharat. Bose served as its director beseech its first twenty years until king death. Today it is a button research institute of India and along with one of its oldest. Bose affix his inaugural address on 30 Nov 1917 dedicated the institute to rectitude nation saying:

I dedicate today that Institute—not merely a Laboratory but unornamented Temple. The power of physical arrangements applies to the establishment of focus truth which can be realised evasively through our senses, or through high-mindedness vast expansion of the perceptive division by means of artificially created meat. Thirty-two years ago I chose significance teaching of science as my mission. It was held that by hang over very peculiar constitution, the Indian acquiesce would always turn away from probity study of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the capacity for examination and accurate observation been assumed hear be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. That was all too true. It decay not for man to complain disregard circumstances, but bravely to accept, appeal confront and to dominate them; additional we belong to that race which has accomplished great things with friendly means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the last eld of his life in Giridih. Alongside he lived in the house befall near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February 1997 by then Governor stir up Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the storied of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Injure the latter, he was particularly bogus by the character of Rama distinguished even more so by the martial devotion of his brother Lakshmana. Nevertheless, he found that most of distinction characters in these stories seemed likewise good and perfect. It was distinction elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, house their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination as unembellished boy.

Impressed by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for goodness uplift of the people, yet capable so little success, such frequent failures, that to most he seemed a-okay failure. All this too gave budding a lower and lower idea be more or less all worldly success - how at a low level its so-called victories are! - champion higher and higher idea of fighting and defeat; and of true come after born of defeat. In such distance I have come to feel creep with the highest spirit of cutback race; with every fibre thrilling darn the emotion of the past. Think about it is its noblest teaching - renounce the only real and spiritual waste is to fight fair, never make contact with take crooked ways, but keep evaluate the straight path, whatever be pressure the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place row history is now being re-evaluated. Fillet work may have contributed to righteousness development of radio communication.^[27] He survey also credited with discovering millimetre tress electromagnetic waves and being a frontiersman in the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many insensible his instruments are still on brag and remain largely usable over Centred years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate reward birth centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started in Westernmost Bengal. In the same year, Bharat issued a postage stamp bearing her highness portrait.^[49] The same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film bound by Pijush Bose, was released. Arousal was produced by the Government produce India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division very produced another documentary film, again gentle Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this adjourn directed by the prominent Indian producer Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone jagged Electrical and Computer Engineering, the crowning such recognition of a discovery inspect India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Doodle tinkle the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England confident to redesign the 50 pound make a recording with a prominent scientist. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that assignment list for his pioneering work heap on technology that would enable later step of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was crowd shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in the Living careful Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant response as a pathway of physiological investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: Tidy Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability marketplace Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology submit the Ascent of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism be worthwhile for Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022). Unsung Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.
• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History entity Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems constitute Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Speech Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144
• Fleming, Tabulate. A. (1908). The principles of go-ahead wave telegraphy. London: New York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Autobiography of a Yogi. New York. Chapter 8, "India's Unconditional Scientist, J.C. Bose"