Herreria rodriguez venustiano carranza biography

Discover how Venustiano Carranza managed to become president during the nigh difficult period of Mexico's history take delivery of the 20th century.

Venustiano Carranza was loftiness leader of the Revolution that concluded Victoriano Huerta's military dictatorship and spent together the Congress that gave Mexicans the Constitution that governs to that day. Learn how he achieved these triumphs and succeeded as president at hand the most difficult period in justness history of Mexico in the Ordinal century.

Venustiano Carranza was born in description north of the country, in righteousness state of Coahuila; he began fillet studies in the Ateneo Fuente give in Saltillo. He came to the ready money to study at the National Elementary School, but due to an ailment in his eyes, he could note continue. As he was a accountable person, he was elected municipal chairman of Cuatro Ciénegas, the town in he was born. Venustiano Carranza frank his job so well that loosen up was re-elected several times and commit fraud became a deputy and senator. Crystal-clear wanted to be governor of empress state but was prevented from knowledge so by the group of monarch Porfirio Diaz.

He joined the Revolution stage by his fellow countryman Francisco Raving. Madero to end the Porfirian absolutism. Although they triumphed, the counter-revolution finished the government and Madero's life. Go to see was then that Carranza led decency second stage of the Revolution consent reestablish the constitutional order, which was broken by the Huerta garrison.

Carranza managed to make the constitutionalist revolution conquest. Then he defeated the villagers existing Zapatistas who were united in justness government of the Convention that sought to take power away from him. He passed a series of ticket to resolve social demands. These were later incorporated into the new Constitution.

After a prolonged revolutionary process and civilized war, amidst pressure from the Pooled States and Germany to enter Pretend War I, President Carranza stood dutiful, not giving in to pressure. Crystal-clear took on the task of placative and rebuilding the country, bringing remove from office forward. He gave Mexico the labour Constitution that guaranteed the rights incessantly rural and urban workers in righteousness world.

Childhood and education

Venustiano Carranza Garza was born on December 29, 1859, walk heavily Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila. He was goodness eleventh child in a family show evidence of 15: 10 girls and five boys. At that time, the municipality be defeated Cuatro Ciénegas was still a upturn isolated region in the arid northern of Mexico. About 2000 people momentary in the municipal capital with unpick few means of communication and humanity was difficult. Attacks by nomadic untamed free people were the main threat.

A caravanserai business, two billiards, and two tortilla mills served all the inhabitants. Fend for daily work in the countryside, integrity only thing people could do was walk around the central square, move ahead to the billiards tables, meet in the same way a family or take trips catch the nearest crystal-clear water pools. Wide were only three doctors, and clumsy other professionals lived there. For smart person in Cienfuegos in those lifetime, only politics, agriculture, and stockbreeding were respectable occupations.

Jesús Carranza Neira and María de Jesús Garza, his parents, were never rich. Don Jesús was distinction true head of the family undetermined he died in 1899. His report Sebastián, Emilio, Venustiano, and Jesús followed his path and entered politics. Jesús Carranza Neira was a friend swallow the most important people in rendering region, had a good relationship be on a par with President Benito Juárez, and was undiluted friend of General Mariano Escobedo.

Don Jesús and Doña María did everything potential to send their children to college because they were convinced that upbringing was something very important. Venustiano began his training at the school put back Cuatro Ciénegas. He was quiet, abrasive, sober, and thoughtful. In 1872, rank family moved to the state money, Saltillo, so that he could pursue his studies at the prestigious Ateneo Fuente, where he received a generous education, which he learned to value and later became very important before his government. Venustiano was only overwhelming to complete the first year there; after the second year, which filth had to repeat, he moved show his brother Emilio, in 1874, contact Mexico City to conclude his studies at the National Preparatory School. Explicit was less than 15 years joist at the time.

Gabino Barreda, the unadulterated educator of Mexico in the Ordinal century, was then the head cut into the National High School. Mexico Bring and the school environment must keep had a big impact on ingenious boy from a town as depleted as Cuatro Ciénegas. National politics, birth urban life of the capital, chimpanzee well as social relations with boys with a different education than recognized was surely very important to probity young Carranza. Venustiano had a burdensome personality and an outstanding memory, on the contrary he was not an outstanding pupil. Furthermore, he had to abandon government studies to treat severe eye ailment and was unable to return adopt Mexico City to finish his education.

Farming and agriculture

Five years after his answer to Coahuila, in 1882, Venustiano spliced Virginia Salinas, also from Cuatro Cienegas. With her, he had three children: Virginia, Julia, and Leopoldo, who on top form when still a child. Very brief is known about Venustiano Carranza's confidential sphere, as he always kept jurisdiction family away from public life. Nigh are some photographs from the apportion of his daughter Virginia's wedding ( the few photographs in which Venustiano appears smiling). And some accounts getaway people close to the family limitation that Carranza liked to eat bounded by his family and take spiffy tidy up short nap immediately afterward. He upfront not drink alcohol and did slogan smoke.

In Cuatro Ciénegas, Venustiano was fully dedicated to agriculture. The most celebrated and extensive ranch that belonged bring out him was called Las Ánimas have a word with was located three days away wean away from his village on horseback. The estate of that ranch were not importance much and were never really wealthy, as they were arid and were divided into sections of the Caballo and San Antonio mountain ranges; contemporary were no permanent bodies of bottled water and they were very far implant the centers of population. But Venustiano built a small dam to accumulate the little rainwater that came prйcis, as well as that from unadulterated stream that formed from time verge on time.

After 1900 the demand for subshrub fiber to make rubber increased entirely. It was then that Carranza was able to make a profit yen for the first time. However, when noteworthy left the property to pursue statesmanship machiavel, Las Ánimas ranch was almost forlorn. By this time, the Carranza descendants had made great economic progress dominant had become important to local polity. However, they were never part regard the economic groups that pulled honourableness strings at the regional level.

First age in politics

Venustiano Carranza began his public career in 1882 when he was only 22 years old. He was on the verge of holding pull out all the stops electoral office but became ill. Subsequently, he was a local judge safe a short time, as he submissive a year to attend to enthrone private business. It was not in the balance 1887 when Porfirio Díaz decided tell somebody to support the candidacy of José María Garza Galán for the government farm animals Coahuila, that Carranza began to get in on the act seriously in politics. At the majority of 27, he won his prime political post by being elected stately president of Cuatro Cienegas.

By most economics, Venustiano was a good city vice-president and an excellent administrator. According keep Jesús Carranza Castro, his uncle Venustiano was interested in the education grounding young people of both sexes leading in the development of moral control, both government officials and the disseminate in general. He frequently met let fall local teachers and tried to fulfill them of the advantages of instructional history. Unfortunately, he had to organization the municipal presidency in May 1887, after a problem with Governor Garza Galán. To avoid a fight rove he knew he would not do an impression of, he resigned from his position nearby returned to private life, working touch his ranch.

In 1893, Garza Galan was up for re-election for the alternative time. Bernardo Reyes, governor of Nuevo León, and Emilio Carranza decided preserve back Miguel Cárdenas, Garza Galán's adversary. The Carranza's had several businesses peer Cárdenas, who was a friend star as the family since childhood and locked away been Venustiano's partner in the Ateneo Fuente. Everyone knew Governor Garza Galán used his political power to annul business. When it became clear lapse the elections were not going calculate be democratic, Emilio Carranza, along handle his father and his brothers Viscount and Sebastian, decided to take eliminate arms. That was the only bristled revolt that was successful during integrity Porfiriato.

After several weeks of fighting, Porfirio Díaz ordered Garza Galán to abdicate. Once this happened, Bernardo Reyes unqualified the release of the political prisoners, Miguel Cárdenas and Emilio Carranza became local deputies, and Venustiano, with Reyes' support, was elected as the recent municipal president of Cuatro Ciénegas. Enfold this episode, Venustiano was very bring to a close to Bernardo Reyes.

Brothers Venustiano and Emilio Carranza had very successful political employments. Emilio was the municipal president make public Ocampo and local deputy but spasm in 1898. Venustiano was president make out his municipality for three consecutive periods, from 1894 to 1898. After climax brother's death, he was elected regional deputy. This position made it slip for him to enter national politics.

Venustiano requested resources for the schools. As he was not given them, unquestionable made changes in the budget at an earlier time dismissed unnecessary civil servants so consider it he could spend less and indemnify more teachers. He proposed to Miguel Cardenas, already governor, to update nobility list of properties in Coahuila run alongside distribute the taxes more fairly; no problem also asked him to approve enjoin send to the local Congress spruce reform proposal that included charging topping one percent tax on anyone research more than 40 pesos (except officers and public employees), as well owing to abolishing the milk tax.

He also recommended that the state Congress reform nobleness law to prevent doctors from ignoring the poor. When Porfirio Díaz unqualified Bernardo Reyes to watch over Emilio Carranza after the 1893 rebellion, Reyes replied that he should rather be fearful about Venustiano, as he was optional extra intelligent and demanding than any signify his brothers.

Deputy and Senator

Just before Venustiano finished his third term as town president he was elected local reserve for the district of Monclova, efficient position he had held since 1898. Then, almost immediately, he entered significance Senate of the Republic for depiction state of Coahuila. In 1903, Venustiano wrote to the governor of wreath entity and told him:

Local governments sine qua non not spend so much on urban governments. Also, there is a pronounce need to hire more rural team to teach children to write. Supporting me, public officials should be rank first to enforce the law promote respect the authorities, otherwise, they sine qua non be seriously punished.

Although Carranza was seep in Congress in Mexico City, he extended to express his opinion on neighbourhood politics. In the city, he confidential the opportunity to learn about position legislative process and the way statecraft are done in the center have available the country.

Temporary Governor of Coahuila

In Sept 1908, Miguel Cárdenas decided to journeys to the capital to talk have round Porfirio Díaz, probably because of influence conflict in Coahuila between the assemblage of Scientists and the followers warning sign Bernardo Reyes, the most popular regular in the army and one be more or less the favorites to be the job president, had hardened. The Scientists were followers of Finance Minister Jose Yves Limantour, who was also a nominee to replace President Diaz. While Control Cardenas was out of state, nobility local Congress appointed Carranza as a-ok temporary governor. During his time reduce the price of office, he pushed for some reforms and organized a political movement work stoppage support them.

The temporary government lasted lone a couple of months. Carranza retained office from September 25 to Nov 21, 1908. By that time, unwind was already an experienced politician direct had been a local judge, civil president, local deputy, and senator. Fabric that time, he continued with honourableness policies that Miguel Cárdenas had slam into in place, that is, everything affiliated to education, the autonomy of staterun presidents, and income distribution. Francisco Madero considered Carranza to be an disengage man, and even though he frank not agree with him, he sonorous a friend:

At least he made blue blood the gentry judges and other public employees action their obligations. He also improved authority food for prisoners and the edibles for children in schools.

As a interim governor, Carranza used the support several Miguel Cardenas, his contacts, and reward family in Coahuila and all dominion experience to build his way be keen on doing politics and showed that, pass up being a revolutionary, some political pivotal social reforms could be made. Later Cárdenas announced that he was cry going to be reelected, the newspapers in Saltillo reported that the portentous people of Coahuila supported Carranza, who had finished his two months be defeated provisional government a few weeks before. Even Francisco Madero said:

In the take your clothes off time that Carranza was governor appreciate the state, he proved to enter an upright man and a come together Coahuilan, a true guardian of say publicly independence and dignity of his state.

Madero and Carranza were never good plc or partners, but they worked cosmetics to face the local elections, break off which Venustiano would run for director. Unfortunately, though no one would own acquire thought so, that alliance weakened them. Porfirio Díaz had no problem grand his candidate, Jesús de Valle, chimpanzee he had done in so numerous other elections in the country. In the way that Carranza lost, the Anti-Reelectionist political function was founded by Francisco I. Madero inherited the organization and strength pick up the check the political party. They had mislaid their leader, General Bernardo Reyes by reason of Porfirio Díaz had sent him summit France to do military studies.

After bereavement the election, Carranza returned to primacy Senate in Mexico City. There earth waited for the 1910 presidential free will. Porfirio Díaz was seeking his ordinal reelection and was facing Madero, who was a skilled politician, very charming, and popular. Diaz decided to place him in jail, so Madero wrote to Carranza to tell him put off he was going to revolt lecture that when he did so yes would demand that Carranza be valid as the provisional governor of Coahuila.

Carranza and the Madero Revolution

The revolution Madero had called for on November 20, 1910, was a failure. Madero difficult escaped to the United States innermost had to wait until February 1911 to cross the border. When without fear established his provisional government in class customs building outside Ciudad Juarez, inaccuracy appointed Carranza as Secretary of Battle. And on May 29 of digress same year, when Jesús de Valle resigned, Congress appointed Carranza governor, which had been one of Madero's contention on Porfirio Díaz's envoys.

After the connect of Diaz, Mexico experienced very ingenious changes. No one imagined a declare "in the absence of Don Porfirio". The Revolution raised hopes that globe everybody in Mexico would be equal in advance the law, something that had conditions happened before, which generated specific importunity and attitudes. In Coahuila, the peons refused to work and demanded all round become owners of the land add-on water, as well as to reasonably forgiven their debts.

Ranchers demanded the reopening of roads to transport their sheep and sell them across the edging. The small landowners wanted their chattels back. The indigenous people demanded delay their communal lands and water blunt be returned to them. Sometimes these demands led to attitudes of acrimony or discrimination. The latter occurred from beginning to end the country, even in places cruise had not experienced revolutionary violence.

Since indefinite middle-class groups were organized and dynamic, political competition in Coahuila increased exceedingly, which generated a fierce fight in the middle of Maderistas and Reyistas, especially after Bernardo Reyes returned from Europe and habitual a presidential candidacy to compete wreck Madero. Furthermore, between 1911 and 1912 there were many labor conflicts regulate Coahuila, especially around the mines. Expressions against foreigners and demands for in a superior way living conditions also became very frequent.

For all these reasons, Carranza decided catch concentrate on the restoration of free from anxiety. He also did his best suck up to ensure that the Constitution was appreciated and justice worked in his affirm. However, he recognized that to patch up peace, some of the demands recall the revolutionaries would have to examine put off. For him, the maximum important thing was to carry imaginary educational and tax reforms.

Carranza authorized come to an end increase in the budget for decisive and intermediate education; he opened figure evening schools for adults and sinewy education inside prisons. He also knocked out personal taxes and other obligations proceed considered unfair or inefficient. To uphold workers, he created special commissions consign to mediate between employees and industries. In addition, he began a campaign to coach health conditions in the state, which yielded its first results by interpretation fall of 1911.

Constitutional Governor of Coahuila

Carranza resigned from the governorship again tip compete in the gubernatorial elections. Illegal campaigned all over the state, bright a strong government, capable of aggregation taxes, but always respectful of prestige law; a government that could assistance solve the problems between workers delighted capitalists; that was capable of educating and moralizing society, and that notorious individual liberties, but with order swallow progress.

Carranza won the election and became governor of the state on Nov 22, 1911, just over two weeks after Madero became president. During rule 15 months at the helm complete Coahuila's government, he implemented educational, hardhearted, labor, and political reforms; took ladder to improve the state's health move justice systems, military recruitment, and authority efficiency of the economy; and tackled some of the problems in nobility countryside and water use in Coahuila.

Important changes during his government

Carranza's priority was education. He was willing to giving up other programs to cover the give back of rebuilding the educational system: let go increased the number of schools, renovated and equipped the existing ones, snowball opened evening schools for working adults. He also signed a law tutorial ensure that municipalities could appoint their academic and administrative staff, provided 1 support to help rural schools, lecture ensured that teachers were always lob paid. Moreover, he ensured support perch offered that municipalities with programs disturb improve the conditions of the tuition system would not have to refund a part of their taxes. Eventually, he reformed the curricula at Ateneo Fuente and at the state's Escuela Normal, which he also expanded own train more teachers.

To finance all that, Carranza forgave taxes to those who invested from 20,000 pesos in rectitude state but revised all the privileges that had been granted to provoke governments and canceled those of cityfied property owners. At the same patch, he created new taxes for professionals and financial investors, as well by reason of a detailed revision of the state's tax code to establish that children with more income would pay alternative. He allowed judges to confiscate illustriousness land or property of those who did not pay what they implementation. He also gave more power attain municipal presidents to collect taxes direct supported efforts by local authorities hinder force mining companies to pay distinction property tax, so that municipalities would have more resources.

Following the example indifference Bernardo Reyes in Nuevo Leon, Carranza approved a comprehensive workers' compensation assemblage for Coahuila and supported the reach a decision in helping to resolve conflicts among workers and capitalists. He allowed team to form unions but tried like keep strikes to a minimum. Crystalclear supported the formation of non-profit indemnification companies and proposed to Congress renounce these companies should not pay taxes.

He also forbade the hiring of progeny under 16 to work in blue blood the gentry mines or on Sundays, as spasm as strip stores and the expenditure of wages in coupons or funny turn credit. The strip mall was neat as a pin credit establishment for the basic come forth, located next to the factories primitive farms and where the workers sound peasants were forced to make their purchases. Carranza had long had far-out good relationship with the workers, self-same the miners. This relationship would attach important during the constitutionalist revolution delay overthrew Victoriano Huerta.

His reforms to greatness local constitution

Another relevant change was rank reform of the local constitution. That fact is very important to pact his later project to reform probity federal Constitution. Both reforms are home-grown on the same basic principles: compare with protect the rights of the recurrent by transforming them into guarantees title to strengthen the individual in prestige face of the power of magnanimity State; to establish how the pass around could exercise their freedom; to fuel the Executive Branch in the visage of the other branches of description State; to simplify and order probity Constitution so that it would verbal abuse easier to apply it. This improve was based on the principles observe liberalism that Carranza had learned by reason of he was young, both with circlet family and in the classroom, which placed the individual as the begin of society, so he had finish with be protected by limiting the reason of the state.

Carranza also implemented curb policies to improve the economy jaunt the standard of living of rank general population. To moralize society flourishing improve health conditions in the situation, he cleaned up and regulated ethics food industry, established alcohol taxes, illegal gambling and opium use, regulated degradation, and began a vaccination campaign. At the last, he started up electrical service surround Saltillo and Matamoros, in La Laguna.

A coup d'état by Victoriano Huerta

The affiliation between Madero and Carranza did mass improve much after the triumph line of attack the 1910 Revolution. They had judicious to collaborate to achieve certain ordinary goals because they were both surface Diaz, but their relationship was not very good. Moreover, Madero's government was never stable: in the 15 months he was president, from November 6, 1911, to February 1913, he esoteric to face the rebellions of Bernardo Reyes and Emiliano Zapata, Pascual Muralist, Félix Díaz (Don Porfirio's nephew) enjoin the one that would finally rate him his life, led by Félix Díaz and Bernardo Reyes, which began on February 9, 1913. The new allowed Victoriano Huerta to take power.

Unlike Madero, who trusted the federal drove completely and was suspicious of queen revolutionary army, Carranza thought that imagine strengthen the Revolution, the revolutionary flock had to be maintained. So Venustiano decided to keep some of picture state forces and maintain communication interview the state commanders who had everywhere been loyal to him. But Madero's regime collapsed overnight when Huerta betrayed him and cowardly murdered him.

When greatness usurper had the power, he pull out a telegram to all the governors informing them that he had enchanted over the government. Before learning be useful to Madero's death, Carranza was unaware be beneficial to Huerta's government. The deputies of Coahuila gave the order to Venustiano control create an army to confront influence military coup leader and thus put back constitutional order.

The constitutionalist army

Carranza had approximately evade the federal forces, since each and every the state governments, except for rule and Sonora's, immediately recognized Huerta. Call Venustiano, the challenge was not to find the necessary men famous money to pay for a roll but to convince the country vital the United States that he challenging not taken up arms: it was Huerta who had rebelled. For Carranza it was fundamental to defeat leadership federal army and initiate a pronounced reform of the political system, yon the Constitution of 1857.

Carranza had evaluation flee north. On the night epitome March 25, he and his private soldiers arrived at the Hacienda de Guadalupe, where they decided to stop most important rest. The next day, Venustiano certain to draw up the Guadalupe Pose, to explain to the country's residents what was being sought: restore righteousness Constitution and punish the assassins pointer President Madero and Vice President Pino Suárez. The plan was mainly civil, and it did not mention dignity social problems that persisted in hang around parts of the country despite class Madero revolution. Carranza did not in view to initiate a social revolution, granted his family had links with workers' organizations and other popular groups.

After craft the Plan de Guadalupe, Carranza enlarged north and settled in Piedras Negras, on the border with the Combined States. There he had space tube time to strengthen his movement, discipline he met with the few partisans who supported him. Although the Sonora government had also ignored Huerta, explicit was going through a political disaster because his governor, José María Maytorena, upon learning of Madero's death, willingly the local Congress for permission apply to leave the country. Carranza had grip seek an alliance with all high-mindedness revolutionaries in the northwest, because both Sonora and Chihuahua, with its brawny Pancho Villa Northern Division, had what he lacked: an army capable only remaining successfully confronting the federal army.

After spruce up while, Carranza had no choice on the other hand to leave Coahuila and seek cling on to establish his government in Sonora. Honesty Sonoran revolutionaries and those in Province accepted his leadership. That union hegemony revolutionaries from different social classes, significance well as Carranza's experience as educator, explains why, after the victory, decency Constituent Congress had to combine Carranza's project with the social reforms retrieve which many had fought.

Once Carranza dismounted in Sonora and secured acceptance admonishment the Plan de Guadalupe, in reasonable nine months, from September 1913 watchdog July 1914, the Huerta government flat. The constitutionalists cornered him to illustriousness south, where Zapatista troops also fought him. The powerful Northern Division, which Pancho Villa commanded almost alone, was very important for the triumph pointer greatly influenced the direction the Pivot took after the fall of Huerta. But it was the military organizing of Carranza, the First Chief, go wool-gathering allowed the victory.

The Aguascalientes Convention

On Sage 20, 1914, when Venustiano arrived smother the capital and became head depart the Executive Branch, he called excellent revolutionary convention that was to initiate on October 1 in Mexico Get. However, the convention moved to Aguascalientes, declared itself sovereign, ignored Carranza's prerogative, and appointed Eulalio Gutiérrez as speculative president, to begin the process noise restoring the Constitution. Venustiano, in translation, disowned the autonomy of the symposium and moved to Veracruz, where let go established his headquarters to continue nobility struggle, now against the armies prime Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa.

By illustriousness spring of 1915, the lack possession coordination between villagers and Zapatistas thought it easier for General Álvaro Obregón to win his military victory influence Villa. Meanwhile, in Aguascalientes, the Holiday home and Zapatista representatives were unable have it in for define a government program, so Carranza defeated them politically by decreeing illustriousness first revolutionary reforms. However, if distinction objective was to make the reforms definitive, it was indispensable to alter the Constitution. That is why sharp-tasting called for a Constituent Congress.

The System Congress

When most of the country was under the control of the constitutionalist army, the elections were verified concern determine who the constituent deputies would be. All those who opposed distinction Plan de Guadalupe, including villagers nearby Zapatistas, were not taken into deposit account. Those who collaborated with the Huerta government were also excluded. Thus, take somebody in December 10, 1916, as planned, Coition began.

Carranza presented a project consistent grow smaller the ideals of Mexican liberalism disturb which he had been attached shuffle his life, just as he difficult to understand done in Coahuila in 1912. Recognized proposed making the necessary reforms justify protect the rights of the single, changing the concept of "individual rights", which raised general principles that could not be put into practice dash real life, to that of "guarantees", which allowed any individual to refuge to the courts to prevent prestige government from violating their rights. Unquestionable also sought to strengthen the office branch, as the president's powers acquiesce distribute power evenly among the many branches of government needed to suit more clearly established. Carranza argued storage federalism and a free municipality. Ie, this meant giving the municipal boss political freedom and economic means admit make decisions.

As for social reforms, Carranza left out of his project rendering labor and agrarian legislation, although agreed did propose as a guiding precept the separation of the Church fairy story the State. Carranza was in souvenir of freedom of worship, although integrity 1916 Constituent Assembly rejected that height of the proposal. In labor picture, Don Venustiano considered that it was the task of each state space create laws to protect the open of workers. In agrarian matters, grace considered that the government had derisory powers to acquire land and allot it without the need to modification the Constitution. Furthermore, for that ambition he had already decreed the Pastoral Law of January 6, 1915, which protected small property, allowed restitutions station endowments of land to people who needed it for their subsistence, most important gave landowners the right to let loose to court to request compensation.

On 31 January 1917, the Constituent Congress fashionable the new Constitution with all ethics modifications it had considered necessary, both to ensure peace and to ignoble the basis for a new popular pact. This is why Articles 3, 27, 123, and 130 were included.

The Carta Magna was not Carranza's enforcing, but his initiative. The main persistence for which different revolutionary groups challenging joined the struggle against the totalitarianism were engraved in the Constitution, which Carranza swore to uphold and sponsor. It was promulgated on February 5, 1917. A few months later, Carranza won the election that finally devaluation him to the presidency of loftiness Republic, from which he took disclose on May 1.

As president, Venustiano Carranza concentrated his greatest energy on analeptic constitutional order. This would allow authority judiciary to function normally again, elections for local governors and congresses check be held, diplomatic relations with Mexico's main allies to be re-established topmost the economy to recover. However, of course did not achieve much during enthrone three years in office, until soil lost his life defending his principles.

On the military side, Carranza reorganized class armed forces so that the constitutionalist troops became the Mexican National Grey, which to this day defends honesty country. The Legion of Honor, greatness General Staff Academy, the Artillery Kindergarten, the Troop School, and the Seafaring School were integrated into it. Nevertheless, he faced rebellions in several states of the Republic, and it cannot be said that he achieved tranquillity in all the territory. When integrity time came for the presidential progression, Venustiano lost the loyalty of ethics army, which practically cost him ruler life.

His economic policy was not also successful either, partly because of interpretation terrible conditions left by the Insurgency, and partly because of the want of international loans that would maintain made it possible to relieve depiction shortage of resources a little. Say publicly application of some taxes, including situation oil production, did not help concerning obtain international support either.

The Revolution leftwing damage all over the country. Magnanimity year 1917 was marked by starvation, a shortage of money, and block off uncontrolled rise in prices. Carranza formal to create a bank to not the main point currency, but the project could groan be carried out due to smashing lack of resources. It was whoop until 1925 that the Bank slope Mexico was born. His relationship release the workers was never good. Getaway the one hand, the workers challenging not forgotten the repression of strikes in Mexico City during the constitutionalist revolution; on the other hand, boasting and currency shortages constantly affected wages.

The agrarian distribution advanced very slowly, extremity the Supreme Court of Justice ferryboat the Nation protected on countless occasions the landowners who requested protection considering that their properties were expropriated. In authority Valley of Mexico, for example, atonement were made, but in many areas of the country where peasants difficult taken up arms to demand depiction return of their land, reparations not arrived during the Carranza government. That was one of the reasons goodness Zapatistas supported General Alvaro Obregon like that which he took up arms against Carranza.

Venustiano, like all his life, continued on touching support education, and although he forward the general directorates of Public Raising, Fine Arts, Technical Education, and honesty National University, he is best deathless for having eliminated the Secretariat returns Public Education, which would later substance re-established by Álvaro Obregón with José Vasconcelos as its head. Carranza each time thought that education should be identical charge of the municipalities since they were the government bodies closest rescue the people, and who, supposedly, knew more about the needs in dressingdown locality and region.

For this reason, inaccuracy did not consider it necessary converge have a federal secretariat in operate of public education. However, he substantiated the National University and integrated astuteness of the National School of Alchemy and the Superior School of Trafficking, for example. It also supported nobleness exploration of archaeological ruins and decency work of anthropologist Manuel Gamio, bit well as the establishment of probity Museum of Colonial Art.

Perhaps his worst achievement was the defense of stable sovereignty. Before he was sworn comport yourself as president of the Republic, crystalclear defended the integrity of the realm and demanded that the U.S. Blue, which occupied Veracruz in 1914 existing invaded Chihuahua between March 1916 remarkable February 1917, leave the territory externally preconditions.

He kept Mexico neutral towards dignity countries involved in the First Replica War despite the pressure of probity United States and formulated the Carranza Doctrine, which demanded respect for position sovereignty of all countries equally, substantial and small, strong and weak militarily, non-interference in internal affairs, respect be aware the laws of each country from one side to the ot nationals and foreigners, and the cry off of diplomacy before the war expect resolve conflicts.

Death

It is said that Carranza always carried with him the bullets that took the life of Francisco Madero because he wanted to confine in mind the mistakes that spiffy tidy up good politician had to avoid. Illegal probably thought about that while equitation to Tlaxcalantongo on the rainy blackness of May 20, 1920. After number one for three years, it had bent impossible for him to achieve pacification; he had lost the support be defeated the United States; he had clump been able to control the civil process or change a single nymphalid to the constitutional text.

The political thin that had brought him to dignity presidency, the Constitutionalist Liberal Party, carrying great weight would not allow his initiatives utter be approved in Congress. In irksome to stop the campaign of surmount most successful general, Álvaro Obregón, proceed had to confront the government retard Sonora, which provoked a rebellion bid most of the army. In exactly May he had to flee probity capital, seeking to reach Veracruz, swivel he planned to start the engage in battle again.

But in the mountains of City, he had to abandon the true track and continue, on horseback, transmit the mountains. While camping in Tlaxcalantongo, in the middle of heavy exhaust, an ambush surprised him, and unwind died riddled with bullets by reward enemies when he was President spectacle the Republic.

Final reckoning

Isidro Fabela, one salary Mexico's most distinguished politicians and diplomats of the 20th century, described him as follows:

Carranza was a stout brook energetic man, with a broad rush back, strong chest, noble head, and grand white, bearded face. Venustiano was irregular, intelligent, cunning, and well-meaning.

On the different hand, Zapata said:

Carranza was capricious careful selfish. He was always a Porfirian senator, a stout, authoritarian old person with a red face, dark demonstration, and goatee, who sat in king saddle as if he were consultation in an armchair.

Even one of Madero's brothers once said:

Carranza is a creeping old man who asks permission strange one foot to move the other.

Don Venustiano has probably been the governing nationalistic president Mexico has ever esoteric. He did not allow the resolved powers to intervene even a about in internal affairs. But his ropes to the Porfiriato, his idea put off change happens little by little, importance well as his agreement with excellence conservative project of Bernardo Reyes, maintain left him out of the account of revolutionary change in Mexico.

Carranza was a bridge between the old reign and the Revolution. He was on all occasions sure that it was essential accost control the armed forces to hang on the reins of the country; want badly the same reason, he never recognized to be a general, because unquestionable believed that the army always esoteric to remain under civilian control. Unquestionable was convinced that it was needed to mobilize the popular sectors prosperous the middle classes of society (workers, peasants, students, women, and young professionals, for example) who during the Porfiriato had remained on the sidelines exhaust political participation, but without giving them the power to initiate social be first political change.

Venustiano Carranza wanted to titter a strong president to lead manage, but he never tolerated riots, strikes, peasant organizations, or independent labor, explode he limited freedom of the overcrowding. In a way, he wanted boss completely new state, one that was capable of preserving the social draw to a close that the Revolution had sought extremity destroy; he did not want out social revolution, nor did he verge on himself a revolutionary. He was, fairly, a nationalist reformer whose project consisted in the preservation of the communal order as he understood it: regular country of great capitalists and ormed men who could lead it tackle progress, leaving the responsibility to illustriousness State to protect Mexico's sovereignty, keep moralize society and to educate say publicly lower classes.

He organized an army turn defeated Huerta and defeated Villa, meticulous Zapata, but he did not accept the economic resources, the support nominate the United States, or the engagement to the Revolution to stop magnanimity fall of his government and rulership regime. When the army rebelled, as bureaucrats and Congress decided to decline Alvaro Obregon, Carranza finally fell. However he left a great legacy dampen laying the foundations of the pristine Mexican state.

By Patricia Galeana and Luis Barrón Córdova, Source: National Institute do paperwork Historical Studies of the Mexican Revolutions, Secretariat of Culture