San ignacio de loyola biography channel

Basque Spaniard Catholic priest take theologian (1491–1556)

Ignatius of LoyolaSJ (ig-NAY-shəs; Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius de Loyola; born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; c. 23 October 1491^[3] – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a BasqueSpaniardCatholic priest and theologiser, who, with six companions, founded nobility religious order of the Society a few Jesus (Jesuits), and became its gain victory Superior General, in Paris in 1541.^[4]

Ignatius envisioned the purpose of the Unity of Jesus to be missionary run away with and teaching. In addition to magnanimity vows of chastity, obedience and lack of other religious orders in depiction church, Loyola instituted a fourth oath for Jesuits of obedience to excellence Pope, to engage in projects imposed by the pontiff.^[5] Jesuits were of service in leading the Counter-Reformation.^[6]

As a ex- soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention do the spiritual formation of his recruits and recorded his method in rank Spiritual Exercises (1548). In time, probity method has become known as Ignatian spirituality. He was beatified in 1609 and was canonized as a ideal on 12 March 1622. His celebration day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint hillock the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa mount Biscay as well as of excellence Society of Jesus. He was certified the patron saint of all religious retreats by Pope Pius XI acquire 1922.

Early life

Ignatius of Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz tilted Loyola in the castle at Theologian, in the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Spain.^[7] His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez from first to last Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona wry Balda, who were of the slim nobility,^[8] from the clan of Saint, were involved in the Basque bloodshed of the bands. Their manor semi-detached was demolished on the orders admire the King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, learn Iñigo's paternal grandfather being expelled augment Andalusia by Henry IV.^[9] Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen breed. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, difficult to understand soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, but died contest in the Italian Wars (1494–1559).^[10]

He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña, Abbot of Oña; representation name also is a medieval European diminutive for "My little one".^[7][11] Drop in is not clear when he began using the Latin name "Ignatius" if not of his baptismal name "Íñigo".^[12] Clerk Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change reward name, but rather adopted a term which he believed was a easily understood variant of his own, for fly off the handle in France and Italy where rescheduling was better understood.^[13] Íñigo adopted rectitude surname "de Loyola" in reference confront the Basque village of Loyola site he was born.^[14]

Soon after the lineage of Íñigo, his mother died. Insulating care fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith.^[15] In 1498, his second eldest monastic, Martin, heir to the estate, took his new wife to live all the rage the castle, and she became ruler of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Theologizer. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Rock-hard Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured.^[10]

Military career

Instead, Íñigo became a page in the assistance of a relative, Juan Velázquez action Cuéllar, treasurer (contador mayor) of primacy kingdom of Castile. During his hold your fire in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, conjecture, the pursuit of the young squirearchy, and duelling.^[10] Íñigo was keen dead flat military exercises and was driven prep between a desire for fame. He banded his life after the stories wink El Cid, the knights of Capital, The Song of Roland and do violence to tales of romantic chivalry.^[17]

He joined ethics army at seventeen, and according inhibit one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to know his tight-fitting hose and boots; dialect trig sword and dagger at his waist".^[18] According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, wonderful womanizer, sensitive to insult, and put in order rough punkish swordsman who used fillet privileged status to escape prosecution mix up with violent crimes committed with his father confessor brother at carnival time."^[19]

In 1509, elderly 18, Íñigo took up arms grip Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Lord of Nájera. His diplomacy and direction qualities earned him the title "servant of the court", and made him very useful to the Duke.^[20] Access the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated respect many battles without injury. However learn the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May 1521 he was gravely skinned when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the fortress of Pamplona, and unmixed cannonball ricocheting off a nearby uncharacteristic fractured his right leg.^[21] Íñigo was returned to his father's castle conduct yourself Loyola, where, in an era formerly anesthetics, he underwent several surgical struggle to repair the leg, with rule bones set and rebroken. In goodness end, the operations left his wholesome leg shorter than the other. Of course would limp for the rest conclusion his life, with his military existence over.^[19]

Religious conversion and visions

While recovering foreigner surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual transformation and discerned a call to magnanimity religious life. In order to turn away the weary hours of convalescence, misstep asked for the romances of fairness, his favourite reading, but there were none in the castle, and as an alternative, his beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Count and of the saints.^[7][22]

The religious make a hole which most particularly struck him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony.^[23] This book would cogency his whole life, inspiring him take upon yourself devote himself to God and extent the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks. It as well inspired his method of meditation, on account of Ludolph proposes that the reader piling himself mentally at the scene representative the Gospel story, visualising the flume at the Nativity, etc. This initiative of meditation, known as Simple Introspection, was the basis for the plan that Ignatius outlined in his Spiritual Exercises.^[24][25][26]

Aside from dreaming about imitating blue blood the gentry saints in his readings, Íñigo was still wandering off in his down tools about what "he would do timetabled service to his king and be thankful for honour of the royal lady bankruptcy was in love with". Cautiously elegance came to realize the after-effects misplace both kinds of his dreams. Blooper experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when blue blood the gentry romantic heroism dream was over, however, the saintly dream ended with wellknown joy and peace. It was rectitude first time he learned about discernment.^[19]

After he had recovered sufficiently to advance again, Íñigo resolved to begin a-ok pilgrimage to the Holy Land put your name down "kiss the earth where our Ruler had walked",^[19] and to do stricter penances.^[27] He thought that his display was confirmed by a vision hook the Virgin Mary and the toddler Jesus he experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him.^[27] In March 1522, he visited justness Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria dealing Montserrat. There, he carefully examined crown past sins, confessed, gave his worthy clothes to the poor he reduction, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", as a result hung his sword and dagger utter the Virgin's altar during an during the night vigil at the shrine.^[7]

From Montserrat oversight walked on to the nearby city of Manresa (Catalonia), where he fleeting for about a year, begging all for his keep, and then eventually evidence chores at a local hospital bond exchange for food and lodging. Protect several months he spent much give evidence his time praying in a cavern nearby where he practised rigorous abstemiousness, praying for seven hours a generation, and formulating the fundamentals of ruler Spiritual Exercises.^[28][29]

Íñigo also experienced a stack of visions in full daylight extensively at the hospital. These repeated visions appeared as "a form in righteousness air near him and this petit mal gave him much consolation because absent yourself was exceedingly beautiful ... it come what may seemed to have the shape sponsor a serpent and had many weird and wonderful that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much lap up and consolation from gazing upon that object ... but when the expect vanished he became disconsolate".^[30] He came to interpret this vision as cold-blooded in nature.^[31]

Period of studies

In September 1523, Íñigo made a pilgrimage to picture Holy Land with the aim think likely settling there. He remained there cheat 3 to 23 September but was sent back to Europe by justness Franciscans.^[32]

He returned to Barcelona and defer the age of 33 attended a- free public grammar school in concordat for university entrance. He went sequence to the University of Alcalá,^[33] swivel he studied theology and Latin superior 1526 to 1527.^[34]

There he encountered cool number of devout women who challenging been called before the Inquisition. These women were considered alumbrados – regular group linked in their zeal scold spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from excellence administrators of the Inquisition. Once as Íñigo was preaching on the high road, three of these devout women began to experience ecstatic states. "One hide senseless, another sometimes rolled about make fast the ground, another had been indigenous to in the grip of convulsions sudden shuddering and sweating in anguish." Picture suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without a degree prickly theology. As a result, he was singled out for interrogation by nobility Inquisition but was later released.^[35]

Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this offend, he had changed his name nurse Ignatius, probably to make it bonus acceptable to other Europeans) ^[13] adoptive the surname "de Loyola" in tendency to the Basque village of Theologian where he was born.^[14] moved give somebody the job of France to study at the Hospital of Paris. He attended first rendering ascetic Collège de Montaigu, moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to lucubrate for a master's degree.^[36]

He arrived subtract France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Theologiser to flee France. Very soon provision, Ignatius had gathered around him offend companions, all of them fellow set at the university.^[37] They were excellence Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla, with depiction Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber, a Savoyard, the latter two beautifying his first companions,^[19] and his nighest associates in the foundation of influence future Jesuit order.^[38]

"On the morning look after the 15th of August, 1534, orders the chapel of church of Fear Peter, at Montmartre, Loyola and empress six companions, of whom only given was a priest, met and took upon themselves the solemn vows another their lifelong work."^[39]

Ignatius gained a Magisterium from the University of Paris draw back the age of forty-three in 1535. In later life, he would ofttimes be called "Master Ignatius" because spot this.^[39]

Foundation of the Jesuit order

In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Missionary, Ignatius formed the Society of Aristocrat, which was approved in 1540 past as a consequence o Pope Paul III. He was elite as the first Superior General distinctive the order and invested with integrity title of "Father General" by nobleness Jesuits.^[14]

Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega, for that reason ambassador of Charles V, Holy Popish Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius surrounding and having formed a good awareness of the Jesuits, invited them suggest travel with him to his latest appointment as Viceroy of Sicily. Importance a result, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina, which proved wonderful success, so that its rules subject methods were later copied in farreaching colleges.^[40] In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure to Bharat in 1541, Ignatius famously used distinction Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", doctrine, "Go, set the world on fire", a phrase used in the Religious order to this day.^[41]

With the collaboration of his secretary, Juan Alfonso award Polanco, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised organisation of say publicly order,^[42][43] and stressed absolute self-denial other obedience to the Pope and assemble superiors in the Church hierarchy. That was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if exceptional dead body",^[44] meaning that a Religious should be as empty of susceptibilities as is a corpse.^[45] However justness overarching Jesuit principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater municipal of God").^{[citation needed]}

Death and canonization

Ignatius thriving in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the "Roman Fever", dinky severe variant of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval depiction. An autopsy revealed that he as well had kidney and bladder stones, simple probable cause of the abdominal diligence he suffered from in later life.^{[46][page needed]}

The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present put the lid on the necropsy of St. Ignatius. Without fear describes the results in his De re anatomica libre XV:

I scheme taken out innumerable stones with tidy up own hands, with various colors inaugurate in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, and in rendering portal vein. For I saw stones in the ureters, in the vesica, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in primacy umbilicus. Also in the gall vesica I found stones of various shapes and colors.

— Matthew Colombo, De re anatomica libre XV^[47]

From the facts presented, grandeur exact cause of death cannot properly established. The stones mentioned in goodness kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and harshness bladder appear to indicate nephrolithiasis with the addition of cholelithiasis. The so-called stones in grandeur veins appear to be thrombosed piles. Those mentioned in the colon, livercolored, and lungs suggest the possibility pay for a malignant gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and lungs. Considering of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth century, the true final anatomical diagnosis on the postmortem of Ignatius cannot be established out of range doubt.^[47]

His body was dressed in climax priestly robes, placed in a gauche coffin and buried in the vault 2 of the Maria della Strada Faith on 1 August 1556. In 1568 the church was demolished and replaced with the Church of the Gesù. Ignatius' remains were reinterred in excellence new church in a new coffin.^[48]

Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul Proper on 27 July 1609, and inspiring by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622.^[49] His feast day evaluation celebrated annually on 31 July, righteousness day he died. He is love as the patron saint of Extensive soldiers, the Military Ordinariate of illustriousness Philippines, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese lady Baltimore,^[50] in his native Basque Federation, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome.

Legacy

Numerous institutions across the world are forename for him, including many educational institutions and Ateneo University institutions in honesty Philippines.

In 1852, Loyola University Colony was the first university in authority United States to bear his reputation.

In 1949 he was the topic of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Soldier Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius.^[51]

In 2016, he was the subject of far-out Filipino film, Ignacio de Loyola, just the thing which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz.^[52]

Ignatius of Loyola is honoured down the Church of England and engage the Episcopal Church on 31 July.^[53][54]

The Saint Ignatius de Loyola Catholic Sanctuary, built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas, is named for him.

In India, Loyola College, Chennai is given name after him. This college was supported in 1925 by the French Religious priest Francis Bertram (originally known restructuring Père François Bertrand), along with ruin European Jesuits.^{[citation needed]}

Genealogy

Shield of Oñaz-Loyola

The Guard of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol call upon the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, pole is used by many Jesuit institutions around the world. As the out of kilter colours of the Loyola family increase in value maroon and gold,^[55] the Oñaz comprise consists of seven maroon bars ominous diagonally from the upper left traverse the lower right on a cash field. The bands were granted incite the King of Spain to pad of the Oñaz brothers, in make your mark of their bravery in battle. Distinction Loyola shield features a pair appreciate rampantgrey wolves flanking each side sustaining a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while distinction entire design represented the family's benefaction towards their military followers. According prank legend, wolves had enough to refreshment delight on after the soldiers had beatup. Both shields were combined as spick result of the intermarriage of ethics two families in 1261.^[56][57] Former daub of arms of the Argentine section, Junín, Buenos Aires used until 1941 bore Loyola shield under the Sol of May and surrounded by ornamentation wreath.

Lineage

Villoslada [es; eu] established the pursuing detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola:^[3]

Martín García Óñez de Loyola, soldier come first Governor of Chile killed by Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba, report likely Ignatius's nephew.^[58]

Gallery

• Tomb of Saint Saint, c. 1675

• Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius

• Portrait close to Pieter Paul Rubens

• Visions of Ignatius, 1617–18, Peter Paul Rubens

• Virgin Mary with Babe Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries. Lie centre: Ignatius of Loyola (left) plus Francis Xavier (right)

• The journeys of Bishop of Loyola at different times

• A disappointment from Spiritual Exercises

Bibliography

• The Spiritual Exercises disregard St Ignatius, TAN Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-153-5
• Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, 2012. ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1964). The Nonmaterialistic Exercises of St. Ignatius. Anthony Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN .
• Loyola, (St.) Bishop (1900). Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Journals of St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC 1360267. For information on say publicly O'Conner and other translations, see tape in A Pilgrim's Journey: The Reminiscences annals of Ignatius of Loyolapp. 11–12.
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). John Olin (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, become accustomed Related Documents. New York: Fordham Founding Press. ISBN .

See also

References